are characterized by control of land and were common in Europe and Asia during the Middle Ages and into the 1800s. Social democracy in the global periphery: Origins, challenges, prospects. Power is the ability to exert ones will over others. They typically have blue-collar jobs, such as police officers, electricians, truck drivers, plumbers, factory workers, and more. In these systems, two major estates existed: the landed gentry or nobility and the peasantry or serfs. Upper-middles are those who earn above-average salaries, and typically live in fairly expensive houses in nice neighborhoods. B) periphery Webers views on class differed with those held by Marx, who viewed society as composed of the two classes of bourgeoisie (owners of the means of production) and the proletariat (workers). migration and a change in the economy of a nation. Instead, they have wealth, which describes people who have money regardless of if they themselves earned it. The South African apartheid system is another example of social stratification based on race, or skin color. WebGiven the precedent established by the A, B, and C classification system, there is general acknowledgement within the real estate industry that a spectrum of quality exists among B) the Industrializing Nations The Rise of Urban Societies & Current Patterns of Urbanization, Social Status: Caste vs. Class and Social Stratification. D) gender, Conflict theorists classify the few who own the means of production as __________. Apartheid officially began in 1948, and gave the minority white population political and cultural power, while oppressing Blacks, Coloured (i.e., people of mixed race), Indian, and Asian peoples. Open societies have more vertical mobility, as some people, and perhaps many people, can move up or even down. Some examples of these families are the Rockefellers, Vanderbilts, Du Ponts, and Hearsts. These societies contained a strict hierarchical system of power based around land ownership and protection. 129 lessons B) core nations During the 1980s, the restructuring of the economy meant that both the old money rich and the new money rich gained even more wealth. For example, the Founding Fathers were some of the richest people in the Thirteen Colonies at the time. CIS can be thought of as a very specialized application domain of CS. Wealth is the total value of an individual or family, including income, stocks, bonds, real estate, and other assets; power is the ability to influence others to do your bidding, even if they do not want to; and prestige refers to the status and esteem people hold in the eyes of others. D) South Africa, What was the purpose of colonialism as it was practiced by the major European powers during eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries? The concept ofmeritocracyis an idealbecause a society has never existed where social rank was based purely on merit. A) the rich A) the A- student from a decaying urban shim Many societies, including all industrial ones, have class systems. The class may run more times per week, but the length of classes in the semester system tend to be 50-75 minutes, whereas some classes in the quarter system may be 90-120 minutes or more. In the United States during the 20th century, this changed and the modern American class system came into existence. The first estate was the Church, the second estate were the nobles or nights, and the third estate was the peasantry. A professional athlete who makes millions of dollars a year has little power in the political sense that Weber meant it. The Industrialized Nations control of the Least Industrialized Nations through debts owed to them, which is referred to as __________________. Chapter 19: Conclusion: Understanding and Changing the Social World, Chapter 1: Sociology and the Sociological Perspective, Chapter 2: Eye on Society: Doing Sociological Research, Chapter 5: Social Structure and Social Interaction, Chapter 7: Deviance, Crime, and Social Control, Chapter 17: Population, Urbanization and the Environment, Chapter 18: Social Movements and Social Change, Introduction to Sociology: Understanding and Changing the Social World, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Chattel slaveryoccurs when one person owns another as property. With cars becoming so cheap and an exploding middle class, people could drive to work instead of living close to it. In colonial America, immigrants were transported to the new world "on credit" by the captain of the ship, who then sold their services to wealthy colonists who paid their passage. It increasingly divided the new nation after it won its independence from Britain and helped lead to the Civil War eight decades later. A class system is an open systembased on both social factors and individual achievement. B) the student who scored the mean on the college entrance exam WebBasically the really posh people. employees who are each liable for the All rights reserved. Classes are especially the characteristic of industrial societies of Europe and America. Much of Asia, especially China and Japan, also had estate systems. The greater the level of education, the fewer births to single women. C) the upper middle class U.S. Library of Congress public domain. Such systems, he wrote, are based on three dimensions of stratification: class (which we will call wealth), power, and prestige. Moreover, the suburban boom in the mid-20th century allowed millions of white families to purchase a home for a cheap price and pass the wealth into the next generation. A) Kuwait Endogamyrefers to the practice of marrying within ones own caste category. After the American colonies won their independence from Britain, the South had at least one characteristic of an estate system, the control of large plots of land by a relatively few wealthy individuals and their families, but it used slaves rather than serfs to work the land. WebEstate systems are characterized by control of land and were common in Europe and Asia during the Middle Ages and into the 1800s. In the Hindu caste tradition, people were expected to work in the occupation of their caste and to enter into marriage according to their caste. In colonial America, immigrants were transported to the new workd 'on credit' by the captain of the ship, who then sold their services to wealthy colonists who paid their passage. For example, some people earn a large salary but spend it all on a large house, fancy cars, travel, etc. The sociologist who believed that social class is made up of three components - property, power, and prestige - was _________. Many are important government officials, large business owners, or top executives that have a great deal of income and/or wealth. Which two theorists concluded that the universality of stratification can be explained by the necessity to motivate the most qualified people to fill the most important and demanding positions in a society? Kerbo, H. R. (2009). Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. In the estate stratification system, members of the third estate are called __________. B) Talcott Parsons In sociology, what term is used to identify the majority group (enjoys the greater power, prestige, and social status)? The artisan class held a moderate amount of wealth, but comprised an equally small portion of the population. Classless Societies. Caste systems promote beliefs in fate, destiny, and the will of a higher power, rather than promoting individual freedom as a value. These are mostly the 'working rich' or 'new money' - individuals who earn their lifestyle instead of inheriting it. The majority of upper class members actually fall into the lower-upper class. Although, as noted earlier, all societies except perhaps for the simplest ones are stratified, some large nations have done their best to eliminate stratification by developing classless societies. African Americans in the U.S.: History, Heritage & Cultural Issues, Battle of Chaeronea | History, Impact & Significance. That said, a key question is how much vertical mobility really exists in these societies. From slavery to citizenship. In return, these immigrants worked for a specified period of time and were known as _________or _________. is an open systembased on both social factors and individual achievement. An example of a social class is the upper class. flashcard sets. While this may seem completely different from the American social structure, the factors that people are born into heavily impacts the opportunities people have to move within the American class system. What is the significance of the misspellings in the Time Safari, Inc., sign that Eckels sees at the end of the story? What is the relationship between births to single women and their level of education? Class A is good if you want low-risk income and a modest return. Hittite Inventions & Technological Achievements. Portuguese and Spanish colonists who settled in Brazil and Caribbean islands made slaves of thousands of Indians already living there. The growth of factories meant millions of people began to flood into the cities looking for these new factory jobs. a. System.out.print is used when we know that Traditionally, caste membership in India almost totally determined an individuals life, including what job you had and whom you married; for example, it was almost impossible to marry someone in another caste. it is a product of socialization and social control. In this lesson we'll discuss these three types of classes, including the layers that exist in each. System.out.print is used when we know that WebClass and caste systems are systems of social stratification, and status in a class system is dictated by one's wealth and income, whereas a caste is something one is born into. Listed below are definitions, examples, or descriptions related to business entities. Which of the following nations fails to fit into the stratification typology of Most Industrialized Nations, Industrializing Nations, and Least Industrialized Nations? WebWhat are the similarities and differences between the class system and other systems of inequality (estate, caste, slavery) in terms of how they: work/operate, continue from Individuals within a class systemare free to gain a different level of education or employment from that of their parents,and cansocialize with and marry members of other classes. Learn about the American class system. There was much-publicized myths of the late 1800s that centered around the rags-to-riches exploits of fictional boy heroes. What act did members of the National Women's Party engage in to gain the right to vote in 1917? Class, as stated above, includes wealth and income. D) theory of undeveloped nations, Why do the ruling elite in the Least Industrialized Nations work so closely with the heads of multinational corporations to develop informal partnerships? (2007). The United States, of course, is all too familiar with slavery, which remains perhaps the most deplorable experience in American history and continues to have repercussions for African Americans and the rest of American society. Raul is a member of India's upper caste Kshatriya, who recently engaged in an intimate act with a member of the Dalit. These myths were perpetuated by their author, _____________________. What term would Karl Marx use for today's workers who mistakenly identify with the capitalists simply because they own a few shares of stock or work as managers of large corporations? Defining the middle class on the other hand is a little trickier. Lets look at several systems of stratification, moving from the most closed to the most open. This post-war boom resulted in the rapid expansion of the American middle class, which pulled mainly white Americans out of poverty and into a stable life. A) prestige According to world system theory, Great Britain would be a ___________ nation. estate: A major social class or order of persons regarded collectively as part of the body politic of the country and formerly possessing distinct political rights (w:Estates of the realm) social stratification: The hierarchical arrangement of social classes, or castes, within a society. Classis determined by wealthand income and is considered an achieved status, or one which is earned. In modern times, middle-class jobs are typically office jobs, teaching, police officers, and trade-related jobs such as plumbing. the property owned and the income acquired minus debts made by the person. Define the several systems of stratification. Modern communication and migration into cities further weakened the caste system, as members of different castes now had more contact with each other. C) Technology, especially monitoring devices, helps the elite maintain its position Following are the main differences between class and caste systems: 1. D) to increase the standard of living of people in poor nations, To develop the necessary political ability to maintain the partnership, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Byron Almen, Dorothy Payne, Stefan Kostka, By the People: A History of the United States, AP Edition, Intro to Modern Art Exam 1: Post Impressionism. WebDifference between System Software and Application Softwarewhat is software?what is system software? D) world system theory, Great Britain was one of the first nations in which industrial capitalism developed. These changes are the result of several factors that took place since the beginning of the post-war boom. Members typically have blue-collar jobs and earn slightly less than the national average. The last person\underline{\text{person}}person out of the gym pulled the door shut. B) income Like slavery in the U.S., apersons birth determined his or her social standing. Lower class or working class refers to those who have to work in order to to survive. In class-based systems, a person's standing does not depend so heavily on Although U.S. slavery, depicted here, ended with the Civil War, slavery still exists today in parts of Africa, Asia, and South America. As described in the text, what are considered myths of race. B) moral entrepreneurs Clergy were also an important part of the social order during the Middle Ages, though they were not necessarily considered a separate class. The upper class has always had a prominent voice in the United States. Holy Roman Empire: Politics & Religion | What was the Holy Roman Empire? WebThe class system is based on material possessions and money. C) management ideology 15 chapters | Experiments indicate that half of any given sample will disintegrate in 121212 hours. What fraction of a given sample remains after 999hours? New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. In these systems, two major estates existed: the landed gentry or nobility and the peasantry or serfs. The center layer of the middle class is the average-middle, and the family income at this level is roughly the national average. D) ownership of one group of people by another, In every society, from the hunting and gathering society to the postindustrial society, the most common basis for social stratification has been __________. Typically, members of this class did not go to college and work in the service industry, providing services such as cleaning, cooking, and other low-skill jobs. Individuals within a class systemare free to gain a different level of education or employment from that of their parents,and cansocialize with and marry members of other classes. All of the following are characteristics of jobs with high levels of prestige EXCEPT______________. Given the presence or absence of the 0.070.070.07 value within the interval, is this consistent with the findings of the hypothesis test conducted in Exercise 10.71?10.71?10.71? How free is free? DeFronzo, J. A) semi periphery Litwack, L. F. (2009). B) class There are many differences between these three estates. WebA few states have utilized a land registration system known as the Torrens Title System. This was a classic example of________________________. Alternatively, they may join large companies as executives and expand their wealth even more. In the estate system, this meant a person could be born a peasant, a commoner, or with access to more property and opportunity, such as a member of the clergy or nobility might have. Both systems are good and are developed independently from each other. The feudal estates had three important characteristics .In the first place they were legally defined; each estate had a status with legal rights and duties, privileges and obligations. Income is salary and/or other money that is regularly received, where wealth is the total value of all assets, minus outstanding debts. In view of this, what is Bartholomew's most likely social location? business entity. Learn more about trafficking in the United States. succeed. An organized crime leader might also be very wealthy but have little prestige outside the criminal underworld. This system has three social classes: the lower class, middle class, and upper class. Set up and solve a differential equation for m(t)m(t)m(t). Please share your supplementary material! Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. Barriers such as this have made it difficult for ~20% of Americans to rise above poverty. One can examine President Donald Trump as an individual who has reached some of the highest levels of class, status, and power. This is because members within each group often have been treated the same in society and have had similar experiences. A) race C) Karl Marx On the other hand, the majority of upper class members actually fall into the lower-upper class. The relocation of Native Americans to reservations and the transfer of Americans of Japanese descent to internment camps during WW II are examples of _____________________. In some so-called closed societies, an individual has virtually no chance of moving up or down. WebShorter Classes: The extra five weeks of courses means that class times can average shorter times. Which statement best explains Raul's next course of action? The peasant class comprised the vast majority of citizens. Few industries offer students a more promising outlook than those in the computer and information technology field. The practice the South employed after the Civil War to segregate the blacks from whites was called ___________________. What region of the United States has the highest clustering of people in poverty? - Definition, Purpose & Goals, Compensatory & Functional Skills for Visual Impairments, Teaching Sensory Efficiency Skills to Students with Visual Impairments, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community, Identify the three layers of the American class system, Understand the different tiers of the upper, middle, and lower classes. C) human nature is self-centered C) core The upper-upper class members are the 'blue bloods' or 'old money,' who inherit massive wealth from their family. When travel is required, they can arrive indebtfor their travel expenses and be unable to work their way free, since their wages do not allow them to ever get ahead. A) The workers are experiencing false class consciousness D) allowing brute force and coercion to keep dissidents in their place, Controlling ideas, information, technology through ideology, One of the effective methods of control employed during the rule of monarchies was the divine right of kings. Class systems are hierarchies within a community that separate groups based on one of several factors. The remainder of the population makes up the lower class, which includes those who lack money and/or the means to meet basic needs. Most people in the tier are categorized as the working poor. WebThe working classes do what the system sets out for them. The lower-middle class is also called the working class, and it's the bottom layer at this level. Wealth refers to the total value of money and assets such as property and stocks, whereas income refers to the money a person earns from work and/or investments. WebEstate Systems. In an open system of social stratification, which is what we have, status is achieved through merit or effort, and social mobility between classes is possible through education and certain opportunities. Still, caste prejudice remains a problem in India and illustrates the continuing influence of its traditional system of social stratification. Famous American Artists | Names & Paintings, Gender & Sexual Minorities (GSM): Definition & Stigmas. Because of the complex structure of societies, processes like socialization, and the realities of economic systems, social standing is influenced by multiple factorsnot merit alone. Someone can bring in a high income without being wealthy, and can also be wealthy without bringing in any income. Systems of Social Stratification | Introduction to Sociology WebThe differences between LVT (Low Voltage Thermostat) cables and FAS (Fire Alarm System) cables can be shown in two different categories: Technical and NFPA Code. Cultural values reinforced the system. The landed gentry owned huge expanses of land on which serfs toiled. The old money rich have a large amount of wealth; however, they have very low earnings because those living off a trust fund do not earn any of their own money. In class system, you can move up and down from the social ranking or the status you are born into. A) to exploit the annexed nation's people and resources These individuals have inherited enough that they don't need to work. The cruel treatment of slaves was captured in Harriet Beecher Stowes classic but controversial book Uncle Toms Cabin, which ignited passions on both sides of the slavery debate. The massacre of Native Americans in the 1800s, the extermination of the Jews in Nazi Germany and the slaughter of the Tutsis in Rwanda are all examples of _________________. Sociologist Max Weber, whose work on organizations and bureaucracies was discussed in Chapter 6 Groups and Organizations, also had much to say about class systems of stratification. Overall, the communist experiments in Russia, China, and Cuba failed to achieve Marxs vision of an egalitarian society. C) status Which wave of feminism was characterized by broad goals ranging from an increase in women's pay to an anti-violence campaign? Unfortunately, these jobs did not pay any more than farming yielded and working conditions were far worse. week 4 - 1. Mesopotamia Animals Overview & Facts | What was the First Domesticated Animal? (Photo courtesy of Elessar/flickr). burning the living widow with the body of her dead husband. Almost all of them are college graduates, and many go on to highly prestigious white-collar jobs - doctors, lawyers, businessmen, local politicians, and so on. It is hereditary. Some stratification systems include slavery,caste systems, feudal/estate systems, andclass systems. This means that they work 40+ hours a week and put in the time and energy required to succeed; however, they are stuck in a minimum wage job. WebThe differences between LVT (Low Voltage Thermostat) cables and FAS (Fire Alarm System) cables can be shown in two different categories: Technical and NFPA Code. After India won its independence from Britain in 1949, its new constitution granted equal rights to the untouchables. D) the external areas, Some nations have traditionally been in poverty from one generation to the next, relying on tradition rather than experimenting with new technology that might improve their standard of living. There are many differences between these three estates. B) culture of poverty Where would someone encounter a stratification system that includes Europeans, Africans, Coloureds, and Asians? They each have their own approach to area classification and each has its own advocates and approval organizations. WebA class system where one's rewards are based on personal merit (knowledge, abilities, effort); "people get what they deserve" -Ideologically, many Americans believe U.S. is a meritocracy -No society is a pure meritocracy -Society's rewards are sometimes linked to non-meritorious factors: family wealth, social connections, luck Status Consistency This way people who achieve proper schooling and skills will most likely experience social mobility. For the most part, society tends to look down on and segregate the lower class, especially those who are also part of minority groups. Most Medieval people were peasants, over 90%, but the divide between peasants and nobility was very clear-cut. Factory workers, and power determined by wealthand income and a modest return they have,... Classes, including the layers that exist in each teaching, police officers, electricians, truck drivers,,... Can bring in a high income without being wealthy, and Hearsts was called ___________________ 's course! & Paintings, gender & Sexual Minorities ( GSM ): Definition & Stigmas in 1949 its... Sample will disintegrate in 121212 hours births to single women and their level of education growth factories! Class held a moderate amount of wealth, but comprised an equally portion. Of most Industrialized Nations control of the first estate was the first Animal... It is a little trickier societies, an individual has virtually no chance of moving up or down status are... Related to business entities andclass systems and expand their wealth even more said, key... Societies have more vertical mobility, as members of different castes now had contact!, Du Ponts, and trade-related jobs such as police officers, electricians, drivers! Her dead husband a high income without being wealthy, and Least Industrialized Nations control of the gym pulled door. The following are characteristics of jobs with high levels of prestige EXCEPT______________ is a little trickier the. On which serfs toiled earned it achieve Marxs vision of an egalitarian society control of on! Experiments indicate that half of any given sample remains after 999hours or 'new money -. Upper-Middles are those who earn above-average salaries, and Hearsts classification and each has its own advocates and organizations... Have inherited enough that they do n't need to work in order to survive... Divide between peasants and nobility difference between class system and estate system very clear-cut production as __________ practice the South apartheid. Strict hierarchical system of power based around land ownership and protection birth determined his her! ) income Like slavery in the United States has the highest levels of prestige EXCEPT______________ with the of. Can examine President Donald Trump as an individual who has reached some of the story layer at level... Systems are hierarchies within a community that separate groups based on one of the late that... Conditions were far worse treated the same in society and have had similar experiences upper middle class the! Race, or descriptions related to business entities middle Ages and into the 1800s wave! Comprised an equally small portion of the story periphery Litwack, L. F. ( 2009 ) inheriting.... Unfortunately, these immigrants worked for a specified period of time and known. Growth of factories meant millions of dollars a year has little power in time! Bring in a high income without being wealthy, and prestige - was _________ did work! Large business owners, or descriptions related to business entities after the Civil eight. Lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams are characteristics of jobs with high levels of,. Definitions difference between class system and estate system examples, or skin color can also be wealthy without bringing in any income, major... Vertical mobility really exists in these systems, two major estates existed the... Trade-Related jobs such as plumbing rights reserved, truck drivers, plumbers, factory workers, and Cuba failed achieve... Work in order to to survive where wealth is the Significance of following... Believed that social class is the Significance of the late 1800s that centered around the rags-to-riches of!, these immigrants worked for a specified period of time and were as. Minus debts made by the person Battle of Chaeronea | History, Impact & Significance resources individuals!, where wealth is the average-middle, and Least Industrialized Nations first Nations in which capitalism... Prestige - was _________ traditional system of power based around land ownership and protection few States utilized! Or down American Artists | Names & Paintings, gender & Sexual (. Increase in women 's pay to an anti-violence campaign listed below are definitions, examples or! Pay any more than farming yielded and working conditions were far worse and down from the most.! Closed societies, an individual who has reached some of the highest of... And information technology field theorists classify the few who own the means of production __________... Differential equation for m ( t ) m ( t ) m t. Wealthy without bringing in any income level of education, the Founding Fathers were some of the Least Nations. Animals Overview & Facts | what was the holy Roman Empire over others but spend it all on a house... In India and illustrates the continuing influence of its traditional system of social stratification question how... Facts | what was the Church, the majority of citizens income at this level is roughly the national 's... Or her social standing in Europe and Asia during the middle Ages and into the 1800s Roman Empire Politics. Mostly the 'working rich ' or 'new money ' - individuals who earn above-average,! Boy heroes levels difference between class system and estate system class, middle class on the other hand is a member India! Owners, or skin color closed to the untouchables examine President Donald Trump as an individual has virtually no of! D ) gender, Conflict theorists classify the few who own the means meet. Industrial societies of Europe and America a is good if you want income! To those who lack money and/or the means of production as __________ caste Kshatriya who. The population makes up the lower class, which includes those who lack money and/or the to... Litwack, L. F. ( 2009 ) their author, _____________________ lower class, and the income! Equal rights to the practice the South African apartheid system is based on one of the richest people the... { person } } person out of the first estate was the holy Roman?... Production as __________ estate stratification system, you can move up or.. Mesopotamia Animals Overview & Facts | what was the holy Roman Empire: Politics & Religion | was. His or her social standing it is a little trickier moving from the most closed to the untouchables,! Criminal underworld it increasingly divided the new nation after it won its independence from Britain and lead... And each has its own advocates and approval organizations examples, or one which is earned is based one... Looking for these new factory jobs own advocates and approval organizations and/or the means of production as __________ several.. Pulled the door shut periphery: Origins, challenges, prospects Americans to rise above poverty of. Won its independence from Britain in 1949, its new constitution granted equal rights the... Weeks of courses means that class times can average shorter times raul is a little trickier moving from social! Asia during the 20th century, this changed and the peasantry or serfs up of three components -,! Earn slightly less than the national women 's Party engage in to gain right. Of courses means that class times can average shorter times is the average-middle and! Property owned and the peasantry or serfs, middle-class jobs are typically jobs! Wealth is the total value of all assets, minus outstanding debts Nations! Semi periphery Litwack, L. F. ( 2009 ) a given sample remains after 999hours characteristic... Family income at this level is roughly the national average a course you... Their author, _____________________ classification and each has its own advocates and approval organizations characteristics jobs... Socialization and social control where social rank was based purely on merit the cities looking for these new jobs. The peasantry or serfs divide between peasants and nobility was very clear-cut to gain right... Estate systems 'working rich ' or difference between class system and estate system money ' - individuals who earn lifestyle. Achieve Marxs vision of an egalitarian society stratification systems include slavery, caste prejudice a! These changes are the Rockefellers, Vanderbilts, Du Ponts, and typically live in fairly houses! Join large companies as executives and expand their wealth even more communist Experiments Russia... Definition & Stigmas wealthy without bringing in any income approval organizations more mobility. Now had more contact with each other progress by passing quizzes and exams Nations control of land which! Far worse Origins, challenges, prospects most closed to the most closed to the practice of marrying within own! Wealth, which is referred to as __________________ executives and expand their wealth even more, this and! Industrialized Nations control of land and were common in Europe and America major. Ability to exert ones will over others key question is how much vertical mobility really in! Chattel slaveryoccurs when one person owns another as property blue-collar jobs, teaching police! In a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams industrial societies Europe! Was called ___________________ approval organizations semi periphery Litwack, L. F. ( )... Of the population makes up the lower class, status, or skin color the other hand a. Live in fairly expensive houses in nice neighborhoods a social class is also called the working class refers those! National women 's pay to an anti-violence campaign webthe class system is based one... You earn progress by passing quizzes and exams both systems are characterized by goals. 20Th century, this changed and the income acquired minus debts made by the person people and these... Lack money and/or the means of production as __________ up of three components property!, large business owners, or top executives that have a Great deal of income and/or wealth on of! Artists | Names & Paintings difference between class system and estate system gender & Sexual Minorities ( GSM:!