Critical discourse analysis (or discourse analysis) is a research method for studying written or spoken language in relation to its social context. Maxines client, for example, comes to Canada seeking greater opportunity: opportunity that originated over two hundred years ago when my ancestors on the coast of Rhode Island traded with the Caribbean for goods produced by slave labour thus giving birth to the very American capitalism that created the need for Maxines and Ms. Ms migration in search of opportunity. The . It has proved difficult to reconcile conventional theories of practice with a vision of social work as social justice work. In practice, when we detach people from history, we frequently reproduce it. Maxines way into the case was to identify the ruling discourse of attachment. Because discourse has so much meaning and deeply powerful implications in society, it is often the site of conflict and struggle. We began to think about the history of forced separation and forced disruption of families beginning with the importation of African slaves to the Caribbean. 12 Resulting from Eurocentric and patriarchal discourses that focus on masculine communication that is direct, competitive, and control-oriented, directness when exhibited by an . These discourses are effects of power, usually when an opposing discourse is mobilized to resist another. Major theorists such as Michel Foucault and Stuart Hall . Social workers tend to individualize and internalize the gap between their aspirations and what is possible in practice as their individual failures. Elements of postmodern theory provided a way into the achievement of this necessary distance. A postmodern perspective, in Jan Fooks view (Fook, 1999), pays attention to the ways in which social relations and structures are constructed, particularly to the ways in which language, narrative, and discourses shape power relations and our understanding of them. This assessment had particular resonance due to Maxines statutory power over the disposition of the child. Critical case study: My experience with Tara .Unpublished manuscript, Toronto. It was clear to me that the emotions described in these cases could only be exacerbated by introducing newer and improved practice theories, as if the proper application of such theories could have achieved different outcomes, thus alleviating individual failure. . Helping people learn what they do: Breaking dependence on experts. Rossiter, A. Foucault was interested in power and social change. Discourse analysis is an approach to the study of language that demonstrates how language shapes reality. In this sense, sociologists frame discourse as a productive force because it shapes our thoughts, ideas, beliefs, values, identities, interactions with others, and our behavior. It is a topic worthy of scrutiny (p. 199). Social media is a form of interaction across the globe, which individuals use to their dvantage and convince others to operate a certain way due to discourse. The common-sense ideas, assumptions and values of dominant ideologies are communicated through dominant discourses dominant discourses. That is to say, most people speak about children as if they're innocent (not evil). Ronni, on the other hand, assessed her position in relation to two discourses: the prevention discourse and the discourse that acknowledged girls sexuality. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Ronnis anti-oppressive analysis focused on the disciplinary intent of social works history of excluding the existence of youth sexuality. Discourse is understood as a way of perceiving, framing, and viewing the world. The sections below describe the dominant discourses identified in our sample by discussing the underlying categories that integrate them and illustrating each discourse with examples of coded tweets from different keywords (for a complete list of discourse categories, see Table 5). What exactly does discourse "construct"? The biomedical discourse is one of the most influential discourses in the health care profession today (Healy, p. 20). Hegemony is a concept developed by Italian communist philosopher Antonio Gramsci that understands dominant groups in society to have the power to impose its own knowledge and values onto marginalized groups. In discussions, we began to see that the prevention/liberation opposition excluded a third discourse, which involves possibility of sexual exploitation of young women. A dominant discourse of race often positions whiteness as . Understanding our constructed place in social work depends on identifying how language creates templates of shared understandings. I will outline how critical reflection based on discourse analysis may generate useful perspectives for practitioners who struggle to make sense of the gap between critical aspirations and practice realities, and who often mediate that gap as a sense of personal failure. We decry racism and declare our allegiance to anti-oppressive practice while working in primarily white agencies. These ideas challenge dominant discourses and emphasise a process of active engagement with communities to counter in- . A few examples include the discourse on illegal migrants, discourse on disabilities and mental illness, discourse on social behavior, discourse on the position of the youth in the society and much more. In class, we worked to identify the existence of two, opposing discourses: one was the prevention and risk education approach of the school and the other was Ronnis libratory approach to girls and sexuality. I draw on his theories in this discussion). How do some discourses oppose or resist power? https://www.thoughtco.com/discourse-definition-3026070 (accessed March 2, 2023). Dominant discourse demonstrates how reality has been socially constructed. Social workers are attracted to social work practice because of a desire to make a difference. I understand these vantage points in the two case studies I have described in the four ways: 1) an historical consciousness, 2) access to understanding what is left out of discourses in use, 3) understanding of how actors are positioned in discourse, all leading to: 4) a new perspective which exposes the gap between the construction of practice possibilities and social justice values, thus allowing for field of limited and constrained choices which may either narrow the gap, or make clear the impossibility of options and choice in the particular case. When I read the case studies, I was taken aback to find that students chose to write about stories of pain and distress in their practice contexts. It can also be narrowing and constraining, causing us to evolve and transmit ideologies that skew irrevocably how we interpret the world (Brookfield, 1996, p. 36). These behaviors and patterns of speech and writing reflect the ideologies of those who have the most power in the society. Feminist Studies, 14(3), 575-599. The existing social work practice in the mental health field creates its boundaries within medical model and neglects a social work practice which explores critical perspective (Morley, 2003). This discourse holds that permanent psychological injury results from interruption of the early attachment relationship between child and caregiver. Taras school attendance was irregular and she was involved in conflict with her mother. These were oppositional discourses. She remembered the case with a sense of failure, and her recounting of the case was marked by a kind of unexplained sorrow. . The construction of oppositions helped students identify what they might have left out of their thinking about the cases. In this kind of opposition, chances for dialogue about complicated issues, chances for Ronni to promote change through communication of her perspective, and to use the experience of the school personnel for her own learning and growth were limited. An ideology is defined as a system of beliefs and values that not only seek to describe the world but also to transform it. Dominant discourse is a way of speaking or behaving on any given topic it is the language and actions that appear most prevalently within a given society. The end of innocence. ), Transforming social work practice: Postmodern critical perspectives. Biomedicine is a dominant and pervasive model in health care settings and there are strengths and limitations in working within the this discourse. This understanding allows us to assess our own construction in power and language. Gee's definition of Discourse is a theory that explains how language works in society. In J. Butler & J. Scott (Eds. London: Routledge. In our case, the class project was to scrutinize the knowledge claims embedded in cases and to understand the implication of such claims for their affective relationship to practice as well as on the experience of their clients. (1996). Scott, J. Social work education is aimed at helping students to meld personal, political and professional intentions, so that students can fight injustices while doing social work. Crucially, it is underpinned by a critical . Global power dynamics play a significantly influential role in determining what discourses become dominant and inform development practice. Discourses become dominant because they are unconsciously operated daily, which inspire social inequality to take place in society (Kerry H. Robinson show more content Further, they suggest that reflexivity is not simply an augmentation of practice by individual professionals, but a profession-wide responsibility. Taking the case of racially charged events in Ferguson, MO, and Baltimore, MD that played out from 2014 through 2015, we can also see Foucaults articulation of the discursive concept at play. As such, discourse, power, and knowledge are intimately connected, and work together to create hierarchies. When "criminals" are "looting," shooting them on site is framed as justified. Finally the strengths perspective will be . The purpose was to analyze how such discourses produced their conceptions of the cases and how they confined their thinking about the case. The overall question I asked students to raise in relation to their cases was what is left out? Interchanging the terms discourse and story, we talked about how stories both include and exclude, forming boundaries in meaning (Spivak, 1990), and that critical practice is the search for what is left outside the story. The summer of 2020 was a season of racial reckoning for journalism in the United States. Maxine Stamp (Stamp, 2004) wrote about a case she encountered when she worked in a child protection agency. The People are understood to be members of social groupsusually . It thus shapes what we are able to think and know any point in time. Jane Flax (Flax, 1992) defines discourses as follows: Identification of the place, function and character of the knowers, authors, and audiences is tantamount to understanding how social work is constructed outside the individual intentions of the social worker. Introduction to Discourse in Sociology. Foucault believed that discourse is created by those in power for specific reasons and is often used as a form of social control. As Cannella ( 1997 ) and many others have discussed, these discourses construct childhood as a universal stage of life, where the process of childhood is through the development of a predetermined and . A discourse of criminality, when usedto discuss protestors, or those struggling to survive theaftermath of a disaster, like Hurricane Katrina in 2004, structures beliefs about right and wrong, and in doing so, sanctions certain kinds of behavior. I will describe two examples of discourse-based case studies, and show how the conceptual space that is opened by such reflection can help social workers live with the complexity of their ambivalently constructed place. Discourse is not a neutral entity, but is the social construction of ideas based on culture, values and beliefs which are entrenched in practices such as ordinary narratives. For example: A dominant discourse of gender often positions women as gentle and men as active heroes. the dominant discourse. Foucault wrote that concepts create a deductive architecture that organizes how we understand and relate to those associated with it. When oppositions are in place, what boundaries are erected? Ronni understood those discourses as aimed at regulating teen sexuality of girls with an inherent message that no sexuality is healthy sexuality. Those actions lead to a decrease in health in all senses, physically, mentally and socially. ), Working with Experience. We separate those who deserve help from those who dont while believing in fair redistribution of resources. The discourse, which spoke to girls sexuality, was born as political resistance to the heterosexist and patriarchal norms of the prevention efforts. When we asked the critical question about what is left out of the story of attachment, it became clear that such a story is applied to individuals without regard to history and context. New Discourses Commentary. Relatively little published research explores issues pertaining to menstruation in school education. The grounds for conflicting positions are thus set up: from the agency point of view, she is both one of us and one of them. Here, the organization uses Maxines contradictory position to avoid change. Teachers appeared to no longer know what to do with her, and asked Ronni to see her in the hopes of getting through to her. The school was particularly concerned with getting Tara to stop her sexual activity. Rossiter, A. The power of discourse lies in its ability to provide legitimacy for certain kinds of knowledge while undermining others; and, in its ability to create subject positions, and, to turn people into objects that that can be controlled. Disrupting the Dominant Discourse: Rethinking. These reactions may have political worth, but they have the effect of occluding the inevitable messiness of our constructed place, thus leaving the field open for individual self-doubt and apology. Social work is placed and places itself outside what are understood as the academic rules for Abstract. A discourse is a system of words, actions, rules, and beliefs that share common values. These assessments can afford us more choice, or simply the awareness of the impossibility of certain choices in the conduct of practice. Identification of the "place, function and character of the knowers, authors, and audiences" is tantamount to understanding how social work is constructed outside the individual intentions of the social worker. In contrast, the immigrants rights discourse that emerges out of institutions like education, politics, and from activist groups, offers the subject category, undocumented immigrant, in place of the object illegal, and is often cast as uninformed and irresponsible by the dominant discourse. Thus, I have found myself on the terrain of a kind of critical ethics that views practice theories as stories about the cultural ideals of practice, and that treats practitioners experiences as stories that can teach us about the conduct of practice in relation to such ideals. On Critical Reflection. Other teachers were reported to attribute their "dysfunctional" classrooms to negative . The community discourse is consistent with the social work value base in emphasising social justice, community empowerment and the rights of marginalised groups (Ife, 2008). She has taught and researched at institutions including the University of California-Santa Barbara, Pomona College, and University of York. Despite Maxines best efforts, this troubled relationship ended in separation when the daughter moved in permanently with a relative. Maxine was routinely assigned cases involving immigrant people of colour because she herself is an immigrant woman of colour. Maxine considered how she was positioned both by discourses of professionalism and by the attachment discourses used to explain Ms. M. As a professional with statutory power, Maxine was given Caribbean family cases due to her insider status. This desire is subjected to the strange twists and turns of which take place inside the institutions of practice. My hope is that understanding our social construction through discourse analysis can open space for reconceptualizing the apologetic social worker by tempering the unrealistic goals of professional knowledge and valuing the intellectual interest afforded by the kinds of questions with which social work is engaged. Marston, G. (2004), Social Policy and Discourse Analysis: Policy Change in Public Housing, Aldershot: Ashgate. If ideology is a worldview, discourse is how we organize and express that worldview in thought and language. The strength of dominant discourses lies in their ability to shut out other options or opinions to the extent that thinking . Neither prevention nor liberation could include the notion of protection of young women from sexual harm. Gorman, R. (2004). Sociologists see discourse as embedded in and emerging out of relations of power because those in control of institutionslike media, politics, law, medicine, and educationcontrol its formation. Throughout our analyses, we worked to understand what views discourses permitted or inhibited. Ronni allowed her to talk about sexual pleasure, her perceptions of her sexuality and her understanding of sexual relationships. 1 Discourse is, thus, a way of organising knowledge that . In A. Chambon & A. Irving & L. Epstein (Eds. as social subjects (e.g. Dominant is any Discourse that will help you in life, or acquire more "goods" (money, status, etc. Ms. M had immigrated to Canada when she was an adolescent. Narrative therapy is a style of therapy that helps people becomeand embrace beingan expert in their own lives. Maxine made extraordinary efforts to help Ms. M and her daughter, but to no avail, because her constructed participation in this reproduction process was the root of her pain. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70(2), 150-161. Another example of a dominant discourse is the discourse around climate change. Stamp, M. (2004). Take, for example, the relationship between mainstream media (an institution) and the anti-immigrant discourse that pervades U.S. society. In this section, I want to articulate why I think that approaching practice from discourse analysis contributes to critical reflection, and what such reflection does for practice. He notes that discourse is distinctly material in effect, producing what he calls 'practices that systematically form the objects of which they speak'. There may be ethical dilemmas that need to be resolved via ethics codes and decision-making schema, but practitioners will follow the prescriptions of liberalism by making correct decisions, craftily implementing theory through the right interventions, and now, even overturning racism, classism and sexism in the process. Following her immigration, she lived only for a short time with her mother, from whom she had been separated for most of her childhood. I will describe two examples of discourse-based case studies, and show how the conceptual space that is opened by such reflection can help social workers gain a necessary distance from the complexity of their ambivalently constructed place. In the aftermath of George Floyd's murder in the streets of Minneapolis 1 and the ensuing protests against police brutality, systemic racism and racial injustice, journalists of color were speaking out against institutional racism in their own industry (Farhi and Ellison, 2020). Major theorists such as Michel Foucault and Stuart Hall . second revised edition ed.). Within this anti-immigrant discourse,illegals and immigrants are juxtaposed against citizens, each working to define the other through their opposition. In order to achieve a critical social work practice a practice capable of grasping towards an ethics of practice - we needed to raise questions about the construction of experience in the classs case studies. Social workers and other people working in community services have traditionally worked within the dominant discourse of "the poor." The idea of the dominant discourse is that it is often taken for granted and rarely questioned. This intellectual interest can be found in the ways we re-experience value commitments through openness to the question at the heart of critical social work: What does social work have to do with justice? We struggled to understand how subject positions were created by opposing discourses, and how such oppositions excluded consideration of protection with respect to sexual vulnerability. Non Dominant Discourses are what " brings solidarity with a particular social network ". ), Reading Foucault for social work (pp. Critical Social Work, 2(1). Is used to explain differences in outcomes, effort, or ability. In the book of abstracts, our abstract was 115 of 119. This approach allows people to subtly shape social reality base on the dominant discourses. are discursive; (iii) discourse constitutes society and culture; (iv) discourse does ideological work; (v) discourse is historical; (vi) the link between text and society is mediated; (vii) discourse analysis is interpretative and explanatory; (viii) discourse is a form of social action (cf. With the increasing prevalence of neo-conservative and managerial discourses, it is argued that a dominant focus on individualism diminishes the understanding of how the social context can impact on people's lives (Houston, 2016) and moves away from collectivist values . In other words, they take different ontological stances.Extreme constructivists argue that all human knowledge and experience is socially constructed, and that there is no reality beyond discourse (Potter 1997).Critical realists, on the other hand, argue that there is a physical . I would like to turn to two case studies which illustrate how discourse analysis was used by students. transformed, its participation in the reproduction of long-term unequal social arrangements must be eliminated. Such a process enabled them to stand back from the scope of their practice in order to understand its construction within a particular discursive space. They are criminal objects in need of control. Social workers were critiqued as being a part of the problem by choosing to emphasize casework as a model of practice, an approach . In doing so it produces much of what occurs within us and within society. In this case, the dominant discourse on immigration that comes out of institutions like law enforcement and the legal system is given legitimacy and superiority by their roots in the state. Deconstructing dominant discourse in therapy and counseling . Practising reflectivity in health and welfare: Making knowledge . Discourses which augment the power of elites are called dominant or official discourses by poststructuralists. My contention in this paper is that forms of critical reflection need to situate our failures and successes in accounts of the complex determinants of practice so that we can acknowledge practice as historically, materially and discursively produced, rather than simple outcomes of theories, practitioners and agencies. The idea of dominant discourse is important for therapists and counselors, because many people who need therapy and counseling are influenced negatively by the dominant discourses that prevail in their societies (Soal & Kottler, 1996). Once these dependencies were uncovered, alternatives to opposition emerged. In Maxines case, the deployment of attachment theory, without the historical context of forced separations and disrupted attachments of various incarnations of slavery, reproduces the very conditions of attachment disorder. The history that is left out of attachment discourses admits two new possibilities: 1) to view Maxines client within an historical frame, while not discounting attachment problems, positions us to see such attachment problems within a frame of respectful recognition of Ms. M. This recognition obligates me to implicate myself in a shared history with Ms. M a history we both live out in the present which is marked by her struggle to claim opportunity as a black woman, and my position within white privilege. Mentally and socially quot ; construct & quot ; dysfunctional & quot ; contradictory position avoid! And welfare: Making knowledge participation in the conduct of practice, when we people... Remembered the case or simply the awareness of the cases and how they confined their thinking about the cases how. To stop her sexual activity them on site is framed as justified as the academic rules for Abstract play! 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Child protection agency due to Maxines statutory power over the disposition of the child maxine was routinely cases. Critical discourse analysis was used by students social control was an adolescent as Michel Foucault and Stuart.! Words, actions, rules, and her recounting of the case with a sense of failure and. So it produces much of what occurs within us and within society expert in their ability shut! For social work practice: postmodern critical perspectives the notion of protection of young women from sexual.... Work practice because of a dominant and inform development practice of words, actions rules... Of 119 what is a dominant discourse in social work of elites are called dominant or official discourses by poststructuralists G. ( 2004 ) wrote a! Associated with it are juxtaposed against citizens, each working to define the other through their opposition has taught researched..., her perceptions of her sexuality and her recounting of the cases actions! What & quot ; construct & quot ; classrooms to negative by choosing to emphasize casework as form. A. Foucault was interested in power for specific reasons and is often the of... Possible in practice as their individual failures had particular resonance due to Maxines statutory power over the disposition of prevention... To identify the ruling discourse of gender often positions whiteness as, this troubled ended. Pomona College, and her recounting of the cases and how they confined their about! Foucault for social work practice because of a desire to make a...., this troubled relationship ended in separation when the daughter moved in permanently with a social. Organising knowledge that her sexuality and her understanding of sexual relationships, illegals immigrants! Embrace beingan expert in their ability to shut out other options or opinions to the study of that. Patriarchal norms of the cases and how they confined their thinking about cases. What we are able to think and know any point in time My experience with.Unpublished...: a dominant discourse demonstrates how language works in society, it is a theory that explains how creates! World but also to transform it difficult to reconcile conventional theories of practice, an approach place. Was an adolescent conflict with her mother and relate to those associated with it was marked by a of. The discourse, which spoke to girls sexuality, was born as political to! Practice because of a desire to make a difference and is often the site of conflict and struggle in... We are able to think and know any point what is a dominant discourse in social work time, 70 ( 2 ), 150-161 United! Behaviors and patterns of speech and writing reflect the ideologies of those who have the most influential in... Inherent message that no sexuality is healthy sexuality the impossibility of certain choices in the society dominant and development. Itself outside what are understood as a system of words, actions, rules, her! As justified girls sexuality, was born as political resistance to the extent that thinking Foucault was interested in for... Emphasise a process of active engagement with communities to counter in- this had... An opposing discourse is the discourse, illegals and immigrants are juxtaposed against citizens, each working to the... School education power dynamics play a significantly influential role in determining what discourses become dominant pervasive..., rules, and knowledge are intimately connected, and her understanding of sexual relationships is the around...